Myocardial Infarction, Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Hospitalizations: Stats from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2020
Evbayekha Endurance *
St Luke’s Hospital, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA.
Okorare Ovie
Nuvance/Vassa Brother Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA.
Gabriel Alugba
Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
Anthony Willie
Igbinedion University, Benin City, Nigeria.
Abiola Yetunde Oyesile
Dnipropetrovsk Medical Institute, Ukraine.
Ede Omosumwen
Richmond Gabriel University School of Medicine, the Grenadines.
Chinemerem Martlin Emeasoba
Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.
Bolanle Hawau Salaudeen
Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria.
Anita Ogochukwu Onyekwere
Richmond Gabriel University School of Medicine, the Grenadines.
Awanwosa Valentine Agho
University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
Omolola Okunromade
Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA.
Adeniyi Kayode Busari
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Agatha Olawunmi Akinsete
Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Erhieyovbe Emore
University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
Ibilola Akorede Sanusi
UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
Agunwa Nnaemeka
Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois, USA.
Victor Ameh Odoma
Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
Lovette Ugonma Oji
Abia State University, Aba, Nigeria.
Emeka Kenneth Okobi
Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.
Ohikhuai Eseose Evidence
Jackson State University, Mississippi, USA.
Okelue Edwards Okobi
Palm Springs General Hospital, Hialeah, Florida, USA.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: The outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID) hospitalizations and their association with myocardial injury and thrombosis were studied. We aimed to provide further insights into the impact of COVID-19 on modern-day healthcare.
Methods: Retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample 2020 database. We used the International Classification of Disease Code, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) to identify all hospitalizations with COVID-19. We then conducted a subgroup analysis of the population of interest: Those who also developed myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and deep venous thrombosis.
Results: 335,799 hospitalizations with COVID. Of these, 1.6% (5,355) were diagnosed with non-ST-segment myocardial infarction (COVNSTEMI) were identified. The mean age of COVID-19 hospitalizations was 71.7, with 60.50% males. The population prevalence included 53.10% Whites, 17.80% Blacks, 19.20% Hispanics, and 4.10% Asians. The average Length of stay (LOS) was 10 days, and 37.60% of patients died during hospitalization. The average cost of hospitalization (TOTCHG) was $156,633. The COVSTEMI group comprised 1,364 cases, with a mean age of 67.4, in-hospital mortality of 47.4%, and the mean TOTCHG was $177,600. The DVTCOV group comprised 2,869 cases, while the PECOV group had 4,828 cases. Male predominance was observed in both groups, with mean ages of 66 years in the DVTCOV group and 64 years in the PECOV group. The DVTCOV group had a LOS of 16 days, with 24.71% mortality, while the PECOV group had a LOS of 11 days, with 19.20% mortality. The average TOTCHG in the DVTCOV group was $248,900, whereas it was $145,378 in the PECOV group.
Conclusion: Our study revealed significant mortality rates across different groups, including 38% in COVNSTEMI, 47% in COVSTEMI, 25% in DVTCOV, and 19% in PECOV. These findings highlight the severity of COVID-related complications and the substantial financial burden of hospitalization.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Pulmonary embolism, PE, deep venous thrombosis, DVT, hospitalization