A Comprehensive Review of Heart Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management and Future Perspectives
Naveena Meka *
Department of Pharmacology, Pullareddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India.
K. Sri Harshini
Pullareddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India.
M. Soujanya
Pullareddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India.
D. Sukanya
Pullareddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India.
M. Anjana
Pullareddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, it is classified into ischemic and haemorrhagic types, each with distinct causes and outcomes. This review covers stroke's epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Ischemic stroke results from blood flow blockage, while haemorrhagic stroke involves bleeding in the brain. Key risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. Acute treatments such as thrombolysis and thrombectomy, along with secondary prevention and rehabilitation, are vital for recovery. Recent advances like novel therapies, endovascular techniques, and telemedicine have improved outcomes. Future research focuses on biomarkers, AI, and regenerative therapies. Despite progress, challenges like care access and economic barriers persist, highlighting the need for ongoing research to improve stroke care.
Keywords: Stroke, ischemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, cerebral infarction, cerebrovascular accident